Structure of government in georgia
Status of Education in the Country of Georgia
Georgia is the site of some of the earliest fossil remains of human ancestors. Considering that fact, it is not surprising that Georgia has a long history of education as well. Georgia's greatest strides in education have occurred with new reforms that have happened since their move to independence from Soviet Russia. Georgia’s current education system consists of tuition free compulsory schooling for ages 6 to 14 regulated by the Ministry of Education. Primary education is for students aged 6-15 with secondary education ranging in age from 15-18 years old (White). The three priorities of education that have been established by the Global Education Initiative which are to put every child in school, to improve the overall quality of learning, and to foster global citizenship, have only been minimally met by the country of Georgia. Additional goals and reforms in education need to be outlined and met in order for the country of Georgia to meet all of these priorities.
Georgia holds one of the highest enrollment rates in pre-primary education among countries within central Asia as seen in figure 3.1.2. They also have high rates of primary education as compared to Europe and Central Asia from statistics pulled in 2012 as seen in Figure 2 from the Data.worldbank (The World Bank Group, 2014). This is, in part, due to compulsory, or required schooling as regulated by Georgia’s Ministry of Education for ages 6 to 14 as well as the countries “limited resources” making them “highly dependent on its human capital” (UNICEF, 2011). Georgia’s economy requires that their population be successful so it isn't only dependent upon natural resources. It is important that the population of Georgia be educated so they have the tools necessary to earn a decent wage and stay above the poverty line . The high rate of pre-primary education in Georgia reinforces the initiative towards quality education making learning a priority from an early age. This is reinforced by Georgia’s commitment to Unicef and the World Bank with a Consolidated Education Strategy and Action plan making education a priority for the country (UNICEF, 2011). Georgia is a leading example for adolescent and adult literacy, among other countries, with an adult literacy rate of over 99% as illustrated in Map 7.1.1 from the UNESCO world atlas of 2012 (Fiske, 2012). A high literacy rate is an important step in being an educated country providing a necessary tool for quality learning. These statistics promote Georgia as a country that gives every child access to school at an early age and shows that they have the basic structure to begin making additional strides in meeting all of the Global Education initiative priorities.
Getting children into school is a great success, however, it is only a stepping-stone in the process of education. The country of Georgia initially uses their government to regulate the attendance of children in school, however, Georgia lacks in the amount of public spending that is put into their education system with less than 10% of their public spending being used on education, see figure 1.3.1 and Map 1.3.1 as pulled from UNESCO, in comparison to the rest of the world (Fiske, 2012). There is a large deficiency in Georgia's commitment to education as evidenced by the lack of support education is shown through funding. In order to truly meet the priorities of the Global Education Initiative, Georgia needs to find additional funding for it’s education programs or reallocate funds from other areas of public spending to focus on education. Most of the educational budget is spent on teacher salaries and school utilities rather than investing in educational materials and building improvements (UNICEF, 2011). Strides need to be made in order to force Georgia to put more funding into their educational system.
Georgia has high enrollment rates for their primary education providing the opportunity for students to earn their arasruli sashulo ganaltebis motsmoba certificate prior to secondary education (Foreign Credits, 2012). With the completion of this certificate, Georgia no longer has a compulsory requirement to continue on to secondary school resulting in the country changing from having the highest rate of pre-primary enrollment to the lowest rate of secondary school enrollment in Central Asia, as seen in figure 4.1.4 from UNESCO, which shows that less than 90% of that age group is enrolled in secondary school (Fiske, 2012). Georgia needs to change their compulsory requirements in order to reverse this trend and once again obtain some of the highest levels of enrollment in Eurasia. Primary, or basic, education beyond the ages of 14 or 15 is substantial enough to provide the human capital that is needed to maintain their country.
While Georgia has not put a lot of funding into education, they have made some strides towards the Global Citizenship priority. This is best seen in the Teach and Learn in Georgia movement, which was initiated by the Georgia government to “recruit native English speakers to co-teach English alongside local English teachers in public schools throughout the country of Georgia” (“Teach and Learn,” 2014). This movement is an innovative attempt to provide the tools for students, as well as local teachers, to become more diverse in their attempts to be a more global society. This is not only beneficial for Georgia but also for the native English speaking teachers to learn more about the Country of Georgia and use that knowledge in their own native English teaching. The teachers learn from each other and celebrate differing social and environmental values of their respective societies. This provides a new prospective globally.
The country of Georgia is making strides towards educational success however they still have a ways to go. Assistance is needed to pursue higher quality learning as well as attempts to apply more financial backing to their educational system in order to advance further. These advancements could use a push from world organizations such as the Global Education Initiative in order to create additional resources and reforms in education.
Georgia is the site of some of the earliest fossil remains of human ancestors. Considering that fact, it is not surprising that Georgia has a long history of education as well. Georgia's greatest strides in education have occurred with new reforms that have happened since their move to independence from Soviet Russia. Georgia’s current education system consists of tuition free compulsory schooling for ages 6 to 14 regulated by the Ministry of Education. Primary education is for students aged 6-15 with secondary education ranging in age from 15-18 years old (White). The three priorities of education that have been established by the Global Education Initiative which are to put every child in school, to improve the overall quality of learning, and to foster global citizenship, have only been minimally met by the country of Georgia. Additional goals and reforms in education need to be outlined and met in order for the country of Georgia to meet all of these priorities.
Georgia holds one of the highest enrollment rates in pre-primary education among countries within central Asia as seen in figure 3.1.2. They also have high rates of primary education as compared to Europe and Central Asia from statistics pulled in 2012 as seen in Figure 2 from the Data.worldbank (The World Bank Group, 2014). This is, in part, due to compulsory, or required schooling as regulated by Georgia’s Ministry of Education for ages 6 to 14 as well as the countries “limited resources” making them “highly dependent on its human capital” (UNICEF, 2011). Georgia’s economy requires that their population be successful so it isn't only dependent upon natural resources. It is important that the population of Georgia be educated so they have the tools necessary to earn a decent wage and stay above the poverty line . The high rate of pre-primary education in Georgia reinforces the initiative towards quality education making learning a priority from an early age. This is reinforced by Georgia’s commitment to Unicef and the World Bank with a Consolidated Education Strategy and Action plan making education a priority for the country (UNICEF, 2011). Georgia is a leading example for adolescent and adult literacy, among other countries, with an adult literacy rate of over 99% as illustrated in Map 7.1.1 from the UNESCO world atlas of 2012 (Fiske, 2012). A high literacy rate is an important step in being an educated country providing a necessary tool for quality learning. These statistics promote Georgia as a country that gives every child access to school at an early age and shows that they have the basic structure to begin making additional strides in meeting all of the Global Education initiative priorities.
Getting children into school is a great success, however, it is only a stepping-stone in the process of education. The country of Georgia initially uses their government to regulate the attendance of children in school, however, Georgia lacks in the amount of public spending that is put into their education system with less than 10% of their public spending being used on education, see figure 1.3.1 and Map 1.3.1 as pulled from UNESCO, in comparison to the rest of the world (Fiske, 2012). There is a large deficiency in Georgia's commitment to education as evidenced by the lack of support education is shown through funding. In order to truly meet the priorities of the Global Education Initiative, Georgia needs to find additional funding for it’s education programs or reallocate funds from other areas of public spending to focus on education. Most of the educational budget is spent on teacher salaries and school utilities rather than investing in educational materials and building improvements (UNICEF, 2011). Strides need to be made in order to force Georgia to put more funding into their educational system.
Georgia has high enrollment rates for their primary education providing the opportunity for students to earn their arasruli sashulo ganaltebis motsmoba certificate prior to secondary education (Foreign Credits, 2012). With the completion of this certificate, Georgia no longer has a compulsory requirement to continue on to secondary school resulting in the country changing from having the highest rate of pre-primary enrollment to the lowest rate of secondary school enrollment in Central Asia, as seen in figure 4.1.4 from UNESCO, which shows that less than 90% of that age group is enrolled in secondary school (Fiske, 2012). Georgia needs to change their compulsory requirements in order to reverse this trend and once again obtain some of the highest levels of enrollment in Eurasia. Primary, or basic, education beyond the ages of 14 or 15 is substantial enough to provide the human capital that is needed to maintain their country.
While Georgia has not put a lot of funding into education, they have made some strides towards the Global Citizenship priority. This is best seen in the Teach and Learn in Georgia movement, which was initiated by the Georgia government to “recruit native English speakers to co-teach English alongside local English teachers in public schools throughout the country of Georgia” (“Teach and Learn,” 2014). This movement is an innovative attempt to provide the tools for students, as well as local teachers, to become more diverse in their attempts to be a more global society. This is not only beneficial for Georgia but also for the native English speaking teachers to learn more about the Country of Georgia and use that knowledge in their own native English teaching. The teachers learn from each other and celebrate differing social and environmental values of their respective societies. This provides a new prospective globally.
The country of Georgia is making strides towards educational success however they still have a ways to go. Assistance is needed to pursue higher quality learning as well as attempts to apply more financial backing to their educational system in order to advance further. These advancements could use a push from world organizations such as the Global Education Initiative in order to create additional resources and reforms in education.
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Oil Production vs Oil consumption in georgia
Oil Production: Oil production is almost non-existent in Georiga. Neither the index Mundi nor the EIA websites showed any oil production for the country of Georgia in recent years. Production in years past was very small.
Oil Consumption: Georgia has a steady consumption of oil however it is by no means in among the highest of use within the world. Index Mundi shows use at about 13,000 barrels per day which ranks them around 107 in the world based on the EIA.
While Georgia is not a completely underdeveloped country they definitely do not have natural resources within their own country to be self-reliant. They rely heavily on imports to provide the amount of oil required within their country. Georgia serves as a midpoint between western Europe and central Asia which means that while they do not produce oil themselves they serve as a conduit for the export of oil. Georgia is able to generate revenue through this process by charging fees to be a route of transport for the export of oil. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia faced an energy crisis. Georgis was forced to find energy within their own nation, learning to rely more heavily on hydropower since they do not have other natural sources of energy aside from natural gas and petroleum.
Contemplate:
How does Georgia differ from other countries within the region in regards to their consumption and production of oil?
How does their use of hydroelectric power/energy make them unique from other countries and do they have less air quality related illnesses such as asthma that are found in larger oil consumption countries such as the United States?
Summary of georgia's economic system
Summary of the Economic system of Georgia
Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods.
Georgia has curbed its issues in regards to energy needs by creating hydropower plants. Most of Georgia’s energy supply comes from these hydropower plants rather than relying on exports of resources from other countries. Georgia’s many agricultural outputs are grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts. In the mining industry they produce manganese, copper and gold. They also have some industrial output in producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, along with metals, machinery, and chemicals.
Though the country itself imports nearly all of their natural gas and oil needs, they take advantage of their central location between Asia and Europe having constructed an oil pipeline through their country as well as a railroad. This makes them a big transit point for these highly sought after goods (gas, oil, etc.) The country of Georgia’s main exports are Gold, Copper ore, scrap metal, nuts, fertilizers, and ferro-alloys.
Georgia has more of a mixed economy. Their limited natural resources mean they do not have a lot of choice in what they are able to produce. The government plays a strong role in how things are produced, emphasizing new innovations such as hydropower and the building of the railroad and oil pipeline to make the most of what they have and to make the country of Georgia less reliant on other countries. This brings value to the country of Georgia.
Key Economic Indicators in Georga in Comparison to Russia and the United States
In 2010, 9.2% of Georgia's population was below the poverty rate. This quite significant compared to neighboring Russia with a 11% of it's population below the poverty rate in 2013 and the United States with 15.2% of their population below the poverty line in 2010. For Georgia, this is a positive sign that their lack of natural resources is made up for by a population that is wililng to work and provide for their families.
Georgia's inflation rate based on statistics in 2013 is among the lowest of all countries, coming in 4th of those countries that were measured with a -.50% decrease in consumer prices compared to the previous year. Russia has a 6.8% inflation rate ranking well below Georgia and the rest of the world at 179. The United States isn't too far below Georgia ranking 39th in the world at a rate of 1.5%. This helps to stabilize their economy when the consumer is not continuously paying more for goods.
Georgia has made changes in recent years to focus on the use of economical resources that make them less reliant on imported goods. In 2013 they have increased their export of goods and services compared to their overall GDP to 39.9% while decreasing their imported goods and services to-54.4%. In comparison Russia's GDP was composed of 29.6% exports and -23% imports. The United states comosition of GDP is even less reliant on exports and imports with 13.4% exports, and -16.3% imports. The higher the negative percentage of GDP for imports the more interdependent a country is on other countries. Georgia's -54.4% means they are still highly reliant on imported goods.
Georgia's Per Capita GDP
The GDP was $6100 per capita for 2013.
Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods.
Georgia has curbed its issues in regards to energy needs by creating hydropower plants. Most of Georgia’s energy supply comes from these hydropower plants rather than relying on exports of resources from other countries. Georgia’s many agricultural outputs are grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts. In the mining industry they produce manganese, copper and gold. They also have some industrial output in producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, along with metals, machinery, and chemicals.
Though the country itself imports nearly all of their natural gas and oil needs, they take advantage of their central location between Asia and Europe having constructed an oil pipeline through their country as well as a railroad. This makes them a big transit point for these highly sought after goods (gas, oil, etc.) The country of Georgia’s main exports are Gold, Copper ore, scrap metal, nuts, fertilizers, and ferro-alloys.
Georgia has more of a mixed economy. Their limited natural resources mean they do not have a lot of choice in what they are able to produce. The government plays a strong role in how things are produced, emphasizing new innovations such as hydropower and the building of the railroad and oil pipeline to make the most of what they have and to make the country of Georgia less reliant on other countries. This brings value to the country of Georgia.
Key Economic Indicators in Georga in Comparison to Russia and the United States
In 2010, 9.2% of Georgia's population was below the poverty rate. This quite significant compared to neighboring Russia with a 11% of it's population below the poverty rate in 2013 and the United States with 15.2% of their population below the poverty line in 2010. For Georgia, this is a positive sign that their lack of natural resources is made up for by a population that is wililng to work and provide for their families.
Georgia's inflation rate based on statistics in 2013 is among the lowest of all countries, coming in 4th of those countries that were measured with a -.50% decrease in consumer prices compared to the previous year. Russia has a 6.8% inflation rate ranking well below Georgia and the rest of the world at 179. The United States isn't too far below Georgia ranking 39th in the world at a rate of 1.5%. This helps to stabilize their economy when the consumer is not continuously paying more for goods.
Georgia has made changes in recent years to focus on the use of economical resources that make them less reliant on imported goods. In 2013 they have increased their export of goods and services compared to their overall GDP to 39.9% while decreasing their imported goods and services to-54.4%. In comparison Russia's GDP was composed of 29.6% exports and -23% imports. The United states comosition of GDP is even less reliant on exports and imports with 13.4% exports, and -16.3% imports. The higher the negative percentage of GDP for imports the more interdependent a country is on other countries. Georgia's -54.4% means they are still highly reliant on imported goods.
Georgia's Per Capita GDP
The GDP was $6100 per capita for 2013.